Puritanism Essays (655 words) - Christian Philosophy, Sin

Puritanism Puritanism, a religious reform movement in the late 16th and 17th century which sought to "purify" the Church of England, Anglican Church. Puritans became noted for a spirit of moral and religious pledge that determined their whole way of life, and they sought through church reform to make their lifestyle the pattern for the whole nation. Their efforts to transform the nation led to a civil war in England, and to the founding of the colonies in America as working models of the Puritan way of life. The excerpt from Jonathon Edwards' sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, is an example on how Puritans followed their religion. Jonathon Edwards' work describes how God hated Puritans for their sins; which led the Puritans to feel guilty for their sins. With the wrath of God and the guilt man felt, the damnation and salvation principal became the focus of Puritanism. The Puritans religion had the belief that they were sinners, and that God hated them for their sins. According to Jonathon Edwards, God hates man... "'Tis true that judgement against your evil work has not been executed..." (Edwards 41). He used evil work as a metaphor for sins. Bremmer's article Puritanism, its Essence and Attraction describes God's creation of man, man's fall from his grace, and how we became sinners. "Man was part of God's creation and was made in the image of God. The relationship between God and the first man Adam was described as a covenantal bond. In the words of the Puritan West - minister Confession, 'life was promised to Adam, and in him to his posterity, upon condition of perfect and personal obedience.' But'our first parents' violated this covenant..." (Bremmer 20). Since our first parents violated this covenant, they fell from their original righteousness and communion with God, and so became dead in their sin. The effects from this original sin were born by all men thereafter. Since the Puritans believed that we were all sinners, the Preachers often utilized the concepts of the wrath of God and guilt in their sermons. God was so angry with man that his wrath was great. Edwards in his sermon described God's wrath in terms of metaphors. His wrath was so vengeful that he described floodwaters being held by a dam. It was God's will that the dam did not break, and wipe man out. "Puritans spoke frequently in his benevolence" (Bremmer 20). God had ill will toward man, and only salvaged a few and left the rest for damnation. Man after the fall was by nature sinful, and for sinning against God man deserves damnation. This was a central belief of Puritanism. Every man was in the hands of an angry God. "Thus are all you that never passed under a great change of heart by the mighty power of the Spirit of God upon your souls; ... 'tis nothing but his mere pleasure that keeps you from being this movement swallowed up in everlasting destruction" (Edwards 42). At the time God created Adam, man's salvation depended on his own actions. God pledged happiness to Adam in return for man's absolute obedience to the will of God. The Covenant of Works exemplifies this concept in Puritanism. In the fall, man broke the covenant, and lost his opportunity to be salvaged. The consequences of man's sin could only be reversed through divine action. God provided the release by the Covenant of Redemption. "... the agreement whereby the Father compacted with the Son to provide the salvation of some men and women through Christ's sacrifice" (Bremmer 21). This superficial order for the sins of mankind made possible individual redemption through the Covenant of Grace. Once man reached this Covenant, believing in God could redeem him. The excerpt from Jonathon Edward's sermon, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, focused on Puritanism theology. He addressed the issues of man as a sinner, God's hate of sinners - wrath of God. Throughout the sermon he addressed the damnation of man, the process of salvation and redemption. He hammered at his congregation using guilt and fear for their souls. Thus Edwards' sermon incorporated the three covenants; Covenant of Works, Covenant of Redemption, and Covenant of Grace.

World War I2 essays

World War I2 essays Who started World War I? According to the treaty of Versailles Germany and their allies started the war (document 4)(see fig 1.0). In this essay I will tell you why I think that all of Europe is responsible for the outbreak of World War I. In the essay I will use 6 of the 7 documents in the document-based question and use some outside sources to prove my theories. Nationalism was on reason why World War I started. Nationalism is a strong feeling of loyalty to ones own country (Childcraft dictionary). Nationalism was strong in Europe but it was especially strong in France and Germany. Germany was proud of their economic and military strength wile France was one of Europes leading powers (wh p.694). While nationalism was strong in those two countries they were having a bitter rivalry. The French were still mad at their defeat in the Franco-Prussian war in 1871 because their leader Napoleon III was overthrown had they had to accept harsh peace with Germany. The peace treaty said that they (France) had to surrender their provinces of Alsace and Lorraine (see fig. 2.0) and pay a huge sum of money to Germany (wh p.617). At the same time in Austria-Hungary they feared nationalism because they worried that Serbia would rebel and be in a different country. Meanwhile Russia had a powerful form of nationalism called Pan-Slavism, which stated that all Slavic people shared a common nationality (ce). So Russia as the largest Slavic country stood ready to defend Serbia (wh p.695). In the Ottoman empire they feared Serbia and Russia because Serbia was aggressive and they also dreamed of having their own south slave state (wh p.695), and Russia over the past years was decreasing the ottoman empires borders by invading them and they wanted revenge for that (ce). Another factor that helped cause World War I was the economic and imperial rivalries (document 5). ...

How to Write a Discussion Section of a Research Paper

How to Write a Discussion Section of a Research Paper How to Write a Discussion Section of a Research Paper The discussion section of a research paper is dedicated to interpretation of your findings and their significance. Here, you discuss what has already been found about the problem by other researchers, and present your fresh view on the issue, taking into consideration all evidence and facts. This part of a research paper is very indicative of your progress as a student. The discussion section can be considered the most important part of the research paper, because it demonstrates your analytical skills. A good discussion section needs a critical approach to the question, and your ability to synthesize the findings of your research. If it has revealed any gaps in the field, this is also a good section to highlight these gaps, and give your suggestions on the possible improvements. Also, your discussion should be logically structured. There are several types of text structures, so you need to decide which one will be the most suitable, considering the type of research you are conducting. How to Structure Your Discussion Section We can allocate two types of structures you can use to organize the discussion section – vertical and horizontal. Vertical structure of the text is comprised of information presented in a hierarchical manner, relating to general elements and more specific ones. The topic unfolds into subtopics, subcategories and separate arguments. You have to keep in mind, that from your point of view, the argument and facts are arranged in a descending manner, taking into consideration how you intend to communicate your thoughts, speculations and conclusions. On the other hand, your reader will perceive all information in an ascending manner, from more specific elements to the general understanding of your topic. The horizontal structure is formed by creating cohesion between your findings. This cohesion is achieved by means of language devices, such as conjunctions, references and omission of words or phrases that can be logically derived from a sentence. All facts, arguments and speculations should be presented consistently, using logical connectives and references. Which Type of Structure is Better There is no right or wrong, it just depends on your findings. The horizontal structure is especially relevant when you are conducting an interdisciplinary research. There is no hierarchy between independent disciplines, so you need a structure which will highlight the relations between facts that belong to different fields. Vertical structure employs the deductive approach to research. If you start proving your thesis statement from a generalization and build your way to a conclusion by analyzing separate element of the general notion, then a vertical structure is more suitable for you discussion section. Points to Consider Whichever structure you decide to choose, your discussion section should have a brief summary of the importance of your findings for the field you study. You can also give your opinion on possible directions for future research, but add only those, that could not be researched in this particular paper. If you give recommendations for further research, remember to avoid repeating your statements in the conclusion section of your research paper. There is no use in wasting space with repetitions, and it can give an impression that you were careless with your final edit of the paper. And finally, on account of the overall research paper, avoid using first person too much. It can distract the reader from the main point of the paper – research.

Ethical implications of leading in the healthcaare environment Essay

Ethical implications of leading in the healthcaare environment - Essay Example It is expected from all members of the organization to a show commitment towards these codes with the conduct of a professional particularly in the field of healthcare management. These codes can be viewed as a formulation of personal responsibility. The most identifiable significance being the mode of commitment that an individual possesses. In general, sense the code possesses all aspects of professional situation as both a human and a proficient member of the organization. It is obvious that an organization is formed with human aspects and for an organization to become ethical, it is important the human aspects be indulged into following the code. It is imperative that these codes of ethics would be subjective and open to individual interpretations but it should also be noted that in such incident these codes, phrases, or word of the codes would be judged upon individual approach of humane solution. (Zimmerman, 2002) In this respect of Ethics and Leadership qualities of an organization, it would be relevant to mention the emergence of Professional Care Organization (PCO, a newly established health care organization). Its very existence may be definitely seen as a paradigm shift. The clientele is the public in need of medical treatment. The organization employs a staff of 120 professionals (doctors, paramedics, assistants, nurses, health-care assistants, and maintenance staff). PCO intends to become the leading health-care services provider in its region. It also plans to alter the general conception for high medical care costs by implementing a society benefit program that will allow to significantly reducing the patients’ expenditures. The modern American health industry is going through a difficult period, one characterized by new concerns about rising health costs. The major concern that had directed medicine until that time was that Americans required more medical care—more than the marketplace would

Japanese Distribution System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Japanese Distribution System - Essay Example Wholesalers - Intermediaries or middlemen who buy products from manufacturers and resell them to retailers. They take the same type of financial risk as retailers, since they purchase the products, keep them in inventory until they are resold to retailers, and may arrange for shipment to those retailers. Agents and/or brokers - Intermediaries who work between suppliers and retailers. They do not take ownership of the products they sell and are independent sales representatives who typically work on commission based on sales volume. They can sell to wholesalers as well as retailers. The Japanese distribution system accommodates the cultural and economic concerns of business establishments in Japan. This is such as business relationships are heralded as more important than implementing immediate and profitable business decisions that might trigger a strain in fulfilling social obligations to the participants in the distribution channels. Both Japanese and foreign observers, above all the United States, claimed that such intimate business relationships between an (in comparison to the United States) unusually high number of small players (both retail and wholesale establishments) not only formed a non-tariff barrier to foreign suppliers, but that such business relationships were protected... Agent or Broker Channel - This type of arrangement can include producers selling to agents, agents selling to wholesalers, who sell to retailers, who then sell to consumers. The Japanese distribution system accommodates the cultural and economic concerns of business establishments in Japan. This is such as business relationships are heralded as more important than implementing immediate and profitable business decisions that might trigger a strain in fulfilling social obligations to the participants in the distribution channels. Both Japanese and foreign observers, above all the United States, claimed that such intimate business relationships between an (in comparison to the United States) unusually high number of small players (both retail and wholesale establishments) not only formed a non-tariff barrier to foreign suppliers, but that such business relationships were protected by a legislation (the Large-Scale Retail Stores Law) that was in favor of small-scale establishments. The revision of the statute as demanded by the United States was therefore seen as hopeful solution to "modernize" the Japanese distribution system (less small-scale operations) and also pave the way for Japanese and foreign suppliers to enter the Japanese market. 1.1 The Japanese distribution system as barrier to trade When Japan surrendered to the American supremacy on August 15, 1945, the Japanese economy was in almost near collapse1 and Japan had to finally accept foreign occupation to their economy for the first time in its history. The occupation by the Allied Powers2 lasted over six years, obliviously more than double the originally envisaged three years.3 The Allied Powers had originally planned to contain Japan into a

Mass programming Essay Example for Free

Mass programming Essay PLDs are standard ICs, available in standard configurations. They are sold in high volume to many different customers. PLDs may be configured or programmed to create a part customized to a specific application. They have a single large block of programmable interconnect and consist of a matrix of logic macrocells that usually consists of programmable array logic followed by a flip-flop or latch. Types of PLDs are PROM, EPROM, PAL and PLA. PROM uses metal fuse that can be blown permanently. EPROM uses programmable MOS transistors whose characteristics are altering by applying a high voltage. PAL or Programmable Array Logic consists of a programmable AND logic array or AND plane, and fixed OR plane. PLA or Programmable Logic Array has a programmable AND plane followed by programmable OR plane. Based on type of programming PLDs may be classified as Erasable PLD (EPLD) and Mask-programmed PLD. It is characterized by customized mask layer and logic cells (Smith, 1997: 14). (Smith, 1997) Advantages Fast design turnaround. Disadvantages Mass programming is not possible. It is more complex than PLDs. A field programmable gate array is a VLSI circuit that can be programmed in the user’s location. A typical FPGA consists of an array of hundreds or thousands of logic blocks surrounded by programmable input and output blocks and connected together via programmable interconnections. There is a wide variety of internal configuration within these devices. The performance of each device depends on the circuit contained in their logic blocks and their efficiency of their programmed inter connections. Here none of mask layers are customized. There exists a method for programming basic cells and the interconnect. The core of FPGA is a regular array of combinational and sequential programmable basic logic cells. It has a matrix of programmable interconnect that surrounds the basic cells and programmable I/O cells around the core. A typical FPGA block consists of look up tables, multiplexers, gates and flipflops. The look up table is a truth table stored in a SRAM and provides a combinational circuit functions for the logic blocks. These functions are realized from the truth table stored in the SRAM (Smith, 1997: 16). (Smith, 1997) Advantages Design turnaround is a few hours The truth table can be re-programmable. Easy to layout on PCBs. Disadvantages The memory is volatile and presents the need for the look up table content to be reloaded when power is disrupted. Routing is easily blocked. The design requires extensive CAD tools to facilitate the synthesis procedure. FPGAs may be broadly classified as homogenous and heterogeneous FPGAs. As the name implies homogenous consists of only one type of logic cell and heterogeneous contains different types of logic cells. They can also be classified as Island type, Hierarchical and Row based FPGAs. Island Type FPGA It is common to Xilinx and Altera. Here, the logic blocks are arranged in a matrix form. They are interconnected by horizontal and vertical routing wires. The routing wires are connected using programmable routing switches. (Sharma, 2005) Hierarchical FPGAs It comprises of a tree based interconnect structure. The leaves represent logic blocks. Two types of connecting boxes are present. The hexagon shaped boxes represent non compressing switches (no. of root going tracks = twice the no. of incoming tracks) and the diamond shaped boxes represent compressing switches (no. of root going tracks = no. of incoming tracks).

Good Food Industry :: essays research papers

GOOD FOODS INCORPORATED   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Good Food, Incorporated (GFI) is a company founded on the belief that children can grow up healthier and live longer if they are fed a natural, nutritionally balanced diet starting earlier in life. GFI’s goal is to increase awareness of this link between diet and health.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Good Food Industry was a start up business with three principals presently involved in its development. GFI’s principals have researched and developed a line of unique children’s food products based on the holistic health concept. The holistic concept, which health food consumer determined was widely accepted among adult consumers of health foods, was new to child-care field. Hence GFI planned to take advantage of the opportunities for market development and penetration that its principals were confident exists. GFI also believed that the existing baby-food industry paid only cursory attention to providing high quality, nutrition products, and that the limited number of truly healthy and nutritious baby foods created a market void that GFI could successfully fill.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Market Research During its market research phase, GFI engaged â€Å"Vick Product Sales Research Corporation† as its marketing and advertising consulting company. Vick prepared reports on industry trends for the traditional children’s food industry and healthy food industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vick’s market research showed that the United States was entering a â€Å"mini baby boom† that would increase the potential market base for its products. Health food products would approach the market place primarily through the health food stores and nature food centres in major supermarket chain stores, initially in the northwest and California. Acceptance of the GFI concept in these areas would enable The Company to expand to a national market. Market Definition   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  GFI planned to direct its efforts to the sale of its health care products through the health food retail outlets and natural food centres located within major supermarkets. Geographically, the company would initially direct its efforts in two key areas: Northeast, especially around New York City: and particularly in the Reno, Nevada and Sacramento, California area. Both areas had a high concentration of adult health food consumers who GFI had found, through market research and analysis, to be most receptive to health concepts for children. According to this market research the specific target markets that GFI would approach through these outlets were: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Parents who were concerned about their health and their children’s health and who thus demand higher quality and more nutritionally lanced foods and products. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Operators of child-care centres who provide meals to children. Good Food Industry :: essays research papers GOOD FOODS INCORPORATED   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Good Food, Incorporated (GFI) is a company founded on the belief that children can grow up healthier and live longer if they are fed a natural, nutritionally balanced diet starting earlier in life. GFI’s goal is to increase awareness of this link between diet and health.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Good Food Industry was a start up business with three principals presently involved in its development. GFI’s principals have researched and developed a line of unique children’s food products based on the holistic health concept. The holistic concept, which health food consumer determined was widely accepted among adult consumers of health foods, was new to child-care field. Hence GFI planned to take advantage of the opportunities for market development and penetration that its principals were confident exists. GFI also believed that the existing baby-food industry paid only cursory attention to providing high quality, nutrition products, and that the limited number of truly healthy and nutritious baby foods created a market void that GFI could successfully fill.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Market Research During its market research phase, GFI engaged â€Å"Vick Product Sales Research Corporation† as its marketing and advertising consulting company. Vick prepared reports on industry trends for the traditional children’s food industry and healthy food industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vick’s market research showed that the United States was entering a â€Å"mini baby boom† that would increase the potential market base for its products. Health food products would approach the market place primarily through the health food stores and nature food centres in major supermarket chain stores, initially in the northwest and California. Acceptance of the GFI concept in these areas would enable The Company to expand to a national market. Market Definition   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  GFI planned to direct its efforts to the sale of its health care products through the health food retail outlets and natural food centres located within major supermarkets. Geographically, the company would initially direct its efforts in two key areas: Northeast, especially around New York City: and particularly in the Reno, Nevada and Sacramento, California area. Both areas had a high concentration of adult health food consumers who GFI had found, through market research and analysis, to be most receptive to health concepts for children. According to this market research the specific target markets that GFI would approach through these outlets were: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Parents who were concerned about their health and their children’s health and who thus demand higher quality and more nutritionally lanced foods and products. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Operators of child-care centres who provide meals to children.

Logic in the East and the West

The article written by Nisbett in Chapter 7 of the book (please indicate the title of the whole book here) presents a clear idea of how logic exists differently in the East and the West. The discussion of the author presented various studies and various terms that have been used to support and weave together the different ideas. The author’s terms are worth defining for these will clarify some portions of the study. First, there are French words included in the title and one should translate this into English terms to get a better picture of the article. Ce n’est pas logique translated to English would be â€Å"it is not logical.† Weaving it back to the title, it would then be â€Å"’It is not logical’ or ‘You’ve got a point there’?† It is quite unsaid as to why the author used the language of French for the title. Second, the Latin phrase modus ponens also deserves some attention. In English, the term modes ponens is the method of affirming (â€Å"modus ponens and modus tollens†). Third, the word atypical would also be encountered and this is defined as â€Å"not conforming to the usual type or expected pattern† (â€Å"atypical†). It means the opposite of the typical argument. Going back to the topic of logic in the east and the west, the author posed several studies conducted before to support the current hypothesis that there is a difference in the existence of logic in the two regions. A study that was cited by the author was that of Ara Norenzayan, Edward E. Smith, Beom Jun Kim, and Nisbett, the author himself, showed that the insignificant interest for the study of logic in the East may be attributed to the â€Å"distrust of decontextualization†¦as well as a distaste for making inferences on the basis of underlying abstract propositions alone† (Nisbett 168). This was not proven by only one study made by the same authors but actually two studies they did. To further support the results of the study, the authors administered survey methods to respondents who are Korean, European American, and Asian American.   In addition to this, Ara Norenzayan and Beom Jun Kim made a presumption â€Å"that East Asians would be less likely to have their beliefs moved in an unpleasant direction by pondering information that implied some desired outcomes† (Nisbett 172). To do this, they administered questionnaires to Korean and American respondents containing propositions. The result was that the Americans continued towards the negative ones and the Koreans avoided this (Nisbett 173). The author used propositions and discussed it according to the logic that may be applied to it. For example, the deductive arguments â€Å"All birds have ulnar arteries, therefore all eagles have ulnar arteries† and â€Å"All birds have ulnar arteries, therefore all penguins have ulnar arteries† which the author used to show the persuasiveness of typical and atypical arguments for the different respondents (Nisbett 168-9). It was stated by the author that there is a difference on how convinced the Koreans are to typical arguments than atypical arguments compared to the European American and Asian American. The atypical argument for the previous deductive argument is the latter for penguins are not typically seen as birds. Works Cited â€Å"atypical.† Encarta Dictionaries. DVD. Redmond, WA: Microsoft, 2006. â€Å"modus ponens and modus tollens.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online. 23 Mar. 2008   . Nisbett, Richard. The Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners Think Differently†¦and Why. New York: The Free Press, 2003.

Cultural Influences on Rite of Passage B

Cultural Influences on Rite of Passage Beliefs and Rituals Cultures throughout the world honor the passing from childhood into adulthood with special celebrations and rituals that coincide with religious or social traditions. World civilizations pay homage to this rite of passage differently, ranging from jovial and lighthearted galas to the barbaric rituals frequently associated with remote African tribes. There are also other sects of the population where their youth enter a transitional phase that lasts from months or years, such as the Amish and the Aborigines.Their youth use this time as a period of learning to think and act as adults and for decision making about their future. Amish or plain people as they are also known migrated from Europe in search of religious freedom. They were originally part of the Mennonite religion and follow many of the same practices today. They are governed by the unwritten rules known as the Ordnung. They live by principles of simplicity, reject ar rogance, embrace humility and socialize only within their community and avoid other parts of society as much as possible.Amish children only attend school until they complete 8th grade and higher education is discouraged or forbidden. At the age of sixteen, Amish teens are given the choice of participating in Rumspringa, a German term that translates into run around in English. During this time Amish adolescents are free to explore life among modern American society. It is believed that at this age that they have reached a maturity level where they can act responsibly as well as having the skills for making rational informed decisions.This time of reflection is for the youths to decide if they want to remain in modern society or return to the Amish community where they are baptized as adults and are expected to follow the church for the rest of their lives without question. Wargny 2 Rumspringa is also a catalyst for Amish teens to socialize and meet prospective marriage partners. Th ey congregate with other young men and women of Amish faith, experiment with alcohol, drugs, premarital sex, automobiles, cell phones, and video games. (Welcome to Lancaster County)Studies of rumspringa have concluded that approximately 85% of teens willingly return to Amish life and forfeit all conveniences of technology and English ways of life. The small percentage of those choosing to remain in modern society, do so with the understanding that they are shunned by all Amish people including their immediate family. There is no further contact or connection to their past and must live the rest of their lives as though they were strangers or non-existent to everyone they ever knew.The Australian Aborigine tribes are believed to have migrated from Asia more than 20,000 years ago and are native to the barren outback land of Australia. In ancient aboriginal culture, the rite of passage into manhood started at age 12 with a series of ceremonies and rituals held over a course of a few ye ars. The Alkira Kiumi as it is called, started at age 12, and involved the boy being repeatedly tossed into the air and caught by their male relatives of the tribe. Next was the circumcision procedure, which took place by a fire ring.The chief of the tribe sat on the boy’s chest and cut the foreskin of the penis off with a sharp stone or knife. The boy was given a boomerang to bite on for the pain. After the circumcision, the boy was made to kneel close to the fire so that the smoke would rise up and purify the wound and then the elders of the tribe fed the young man his severed foreskin to symbolize the devouring of boyhood. Wargny 3 Months after the initial circumcision, a fireside sub incision ceremony was held. A stick was inserted into the urethra to brace the knife as it cut from the urethra to the scrotum.The boy then rose and allowed his blood to drip into the flames of the fire. The second circumcision made it necessary for the boy to thereafter assume a squatting po sition in order to urinate. Anthropologists theorize that this ritual was performed so that young males would better understand and sympathize with a females’ menstrual cycle. After the circumcisions came a ceremony in which a chisel was used to knock out the front tooth of the young man as it was believed it made him more physically attractive. The next step toward manhood was to serve as a test of his courage by having him walk barefoot across a bed of fire.The final phase of the rite of passage into manhood was known as a walkabout and is also noted as a time for dreaming hence the name Dreamtime. â€Å" According to Aboriginal belief, all life as it is today is part of one vast unchanging network of relationships which can be traced to the Great Ancestors of the Dreamtime† (Rose Marina) It involved young men leaving the safety of their childhood homes to roam about in the barren desert to live on their own for a period of up to 6 months. During the walkabout; the t een boys were only permitted to rely only on nature and the spiritual guidance of their ancestors for their survival.As they roamed through the uncivilized land it was believed that if they followed the guidance of the spirits they would return to their tribes safely and would from then on be considered men. And if they succumbed to the deserts elements, then it was believed that they failed the test of manhood and died shamefully as a boy. Wargny 4 Due to contact with the modern world, the ancient rituals of the aborigine tribes have disappeared or have been replaced by more civil ceremonies that merely symbolize the original rite of passage practices for becoming a man.As validation for becoming an adult, Rumspringa and Alkira Kiumi differ vastly. Rumspringa offers the opportunity to live carefree and seductively in what the Amish refer to as The â€Å"devil’s playground† without reprisal upon their return. Alkira Kiumi was a painful and grueling experience that serv ed to prove a boy’s loyalty and faith in his heritage. Despite the overwhelming differences in these rites of passage, the completion of either of these ritualistic practices indicates a true allegiance to their respective religions and as paying homage to their ancestry.

Life Experiences and My Career of Choice essays

Life Experiences and My Career of Choice essays When my parents first came from India 30 years ago, my family shared a one-bedroom house with my aunt, uncle and their three children. Growing up while living in a small house in Daly City, CA with nine other family members, I learned very early in life the necessity of working with others. I grew up in a value system of hard work, team effort, and cooperation. These life lessons are some of the reasons I believe that a career in radiation oncology is right for me; it's a field where collaboration with other specialties is very important to the patients care. As a future radiation oncologist, I look forward to being a part of an integrated oncology team which will determine the best treatment options for a particular cancer patient. The specialty will give me exposure to oncology, physics, and medical biology. The field offers a nice combination of clinical work, treatment planning, and procedures such as brachytherapy. It is a part of medicine which has constantly advanced techno logy and an unmeasured potential to treat many different diseases with radiation therapy. But above all, I look forward to working with cancer patients and improving their lives by either curing their disease or providing palliation. My desire to improve peoples lives guided me to establish the first national South Asian community service fraternity, Delta Phi Beta, during undergraduate at U.C. Berkeley. As a founding member, I would help organize activities such as fundraising for earthquake relief to India and volunteering at local soup kitchens. I have continued to make time during medical school to assist underserved people. I evaluated and treated patients at the volunteer-run Clinica Tepati. Also, it was real pleasure for a group of my friends and I to help renovate the home of an underprivileged family in East Palo Alto through Christmas in April. I organized and coordinated the vaccination booth at the first Ulezi Childrens...

How to Publish a Book a Comprehensive Guide - Freewrite Store

How to Publish a Book a Comprehensive Guide - Freewrite Store Before you start Congratulations – you did it! You wrote a book (if you haven't yet, check out this article with 10 steps to follow). Pat yourself on the back and take a few moments to acknowledge what you’ve achieved. Okay, what next? Writing your book is just the first step in your journey to becoming a published author. It’s a journey that ends with your book in the hands (or on the device) of your audience – your readers.   Publishing has come a long way in recent years, with more options available to authors than ever before. You can choose to go down the traditional route with a publishing house, or you can self-publish your book in printed or electronic form (or both). Both processes have pros and cons, and both can be extremely successful when they’re done the right way. Whether you’ve already decided which path to take, or you’re still trying to make up your mind, here’s a helpful guide on how to publish your book. Keep reading: 10 Writing Submission Strategies to Get You Published Before you start You’re probably raring to get your book out there, but before you release it into the wild, it’s important to get it reviewed. Firstly, it’s a good idea to give it to a couple of ‘beta readers’ who are willing to give you honest, constructive feedback. They will be able to help you identify if there are any gaping holes in your plot or parts of the story that don’t make sense. Keep reading: Story vs. Plot Once you’re sure your narrative is solid, it’s helpful to engage a good copy editor to weed out any bad spelling, grammar, awkward sentence structure, and offensive terms or jargon. If you can’t afford a full copy edit, a thorough proofread is the next best option. You can find editors and proofreaders at reasonable rates on e-lancing sites like Fiverr, Upworkand Freelancer. Of course, you can edit your own work, too, but don’t underestimate the advantage that comes with a fresh pair of eyes. Keep reading: 3 Ways to Expedite Your Editing Process How to prepare your manuscript Whichever method of publishing you decide to pursue, the first thing you need to do is prepare your manuscript to the correct standards. Criteria will differ depending on the publishing method and the individual publisher’s requirements. Most publishers list them on their website, and it’s important to follow their instructions carefully if you want them to look at your book. For traditional books, most publishers like you to set your manuscript up on an A4 document with 3cm margins using left-aligned 12-point Times New Roman text. Use a single space between sentences and double-space your lines with no extra lines between paragraphs. Begin each chapter on a new page and indent each paragraph or section of dialogue. Make sure each page is numbered, and your title and your name are in the header. Don’t forget to include a title page with the name of your story, the word count, and your contact details. How to get an agent A lot of traditional publishing houses don’t accept unsolicited manuscripts, so it’s a good idea to get yourself a literary agent to handle that side of things for you. Google literary agencies in your area and check if they have any agents who are open to submissions and have an interest in your genre. Once you find someone who seems like a good match, you’ll need to prepare your submission to send to them. Often the agency will have guidelines on their website detailing what they want from you, but if not, it’s safe to assume they will accept a query letter, a synopsis, and the first three chapters of your book. Your query letter should be a one-page, clearly written letter that introduces you and your book. Describe why you’d like to work with that agent, include your book’s premise and word count, and finish with a sentence or two about yourself. Your synopsis should be around 500 words that summarise the plot of your book and the emotional journey of your characters in straightforward language. It’s a description – not a sales pitch. Start by sending your submission to between ten and fifteen agents and be open to their feedback, both positive and negative, when they respond. If you get very few responses, you may need to review your story to see why it’s not hooking people in. However, don’t give up after the first few rejections. Literary agents turn down submissions for a huge number of reasons, including being too busy or having lots of other similar submissions. If you’re getting warm, encouraging feedback with their rejections, then keep trying! Once you’ve secured an agent, it’s their job to sell your manuscript to a publisher. If your agent is successful, the publisher will buy the rights to market your book. Normally, you’ll receive an upfront payment (although it may not be large) and a proportion of the royalties from sales. The publisher will then handle the production and marketing of your book, and, all going well, you’ll see it in bookstores and may receive some written reviews. The great part about traditional publishing is that once you’ve sold your book to the publisher, they do all the hard work getting it to market. The downside is that you hand over control of your work to a third party, and they take a significant share of the profits. How to self-publish your book Self-publishing has become increasingly popular as online platforms like Amazon’s Kindle Direct Publishing have made it easier than ever to sell your work to a global audience with little to no investment up-front. If you write in a genre or format that doesn’t typically generate much interest in traditional publishing circles, you want speed to market, or you just prefer the concept of being in control of every aspect of your publishing career, then self-publishing could be the best option for you. Just like traditional publishing, you’ll need to get your manuscript into tip-top shape before you unleash it upon the world. Getting your book edited properly is especially important in the self-publishing arena because you won’t have a publishing house’s own editors reviewing it before it’s released, as you would if you went down the traditional publishing route. You’ll also need to get a cover designed. If you’re selling through large platforms like Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing or Barnes Noble Press, your cover thumbnail will be competing with dozens of others on the same page, so it needs to stand out and entice the reader to click on it. Unless you’ve got good graphic design skills, it’s worth paying a designer to create an eye-catching cover that will do your book justice. If you opt to do it yourself using a design app like Canva, make sure you use royalty-free images (or purchase the correct rights for the use of the stock image you choose). Next, you’ll need to write a great description of your book that sells your story and hooks the reader in. Your description should be around 600 words, and it’s essential that it be completely error-free. Nothing puts off a prospective reader faster than typos in the book description. Take some time to research the different e-book publishing options available to you and decide which one suits you best. Typically, e-book publishers won’t charge you to upload your book but will take a small percentage of your sales to cover the service that they’re providing to you. Some publishers also offer a print-on-demand service whereby your reader can order a hard copy, which will be printed at the time they order it, and the purchase price will cover the printing costs plus your profit. Some companies also offer you the ability to print your book in bulk, at cost, so that you can supply copies to local bookstores. Once you’ve selected which company you will use to publish your book, research their requirements for formatting your manuscript for upload. Some companies, like Amazon, provide an app that does it for you, while others require a bit more manual input. A cleanly laid out Word document is a good place to start and is compatible with most platforms. Before you upload your book, you’ll need to decide what metadata you will tag it with. Metadata are things like your book title, subtitle, author name, book description, and the categories and keywords with which you will tag your work, to will help people find your book when they search for a specific genre or topic. Check what your chosen platform’s metadata requirements are so you are well-prepared with optimal choices when the time comes to upload your book to their system. Once your self-published book is uploaded and ready for people to buy, it’s time to shout about it from the rooftops. Create yourself an online presence where you can engage with your audience – Facebook, Twitter and Instagram accounts are great places to start, and all can be set up for free. You can even create yourself a free website using services like Wix, Weeblyor WordPress, which have professional-looking built-in templates and easy-to-use interfaces. If you have a marketing budget, Facebook offers you a low-cost way of sending targeted ads to other users. What is vanity publishing and why should I avoid it? Vanity publishing (aka vanity press or subsidy publishing) is a form of self-publishing where the publisher asks you to pay them an up-front fee to get your book printed. The fee covers their production costs, plus a profit margin. Typically, they’ll accept any manuscript, regardless of quality, and will put in little to no effort to market your book, because they’ve already made their money. It’s unlikely your vanity-published book will ever make it into a bookstore, and you will struggle to recoup your investment. Many authors have lost thousands of dollars on vanity publishing. Remember, legitimate publishers will never ask you for money. They’ll only accept your book if they think that it’s great and they can market it. Then they’ll shoulder all the financial risk of getting it published. It’s in their best interests for your book to do well, because if it doesn’t sell, they don’t make their money back. In short, if you are approached by a publisher who invites you to submit your manuscript, asks you to pay them, and is vague about what they will deliver - don’t reply. It’s almost guaranteed to be a scam. So, now you know the next steps, and the traps to avoid, what are you waiting for? It’s time to get your book published!    About the author: Claire Wilkins is a freelance copywriter and editor from New Zealand. She loves to write about travel, health, home, and proper punctuation. After a career in financial services spanning almost three decades, Claire left the corporate world behind to start Unmistakable - her writing and editing business. She creates website copy, blogs, and newsletters for creative agencies and small businesses, and specialises in polishing existing content until it shines. In her spare time, Claire enjoys cloud-spotting, singing in the car and editing video.

English Language in UAE Universities Research Paper

English Language in UAE Universities - Research Paper Example The United Arab Emirates (UAE), a federation of seven Arab Emirates, is no exempt from the far-reaching influence of the English language. Despite the fact that the UAE recognizes Arabic as the official language, the region uses English as the Lingua Franca. This implies that English serves as the working and unifying the g language in the UAE. Virtually every job in the region requires some English speaking abilities. Further, for the advancement of education beyond junior level, Emiratis are expected to be fluent in English. However, critics insist that mandatory use of English as an instructional language in higher education is gradually eroding the quality of Arabic and undermining the cultural identity of Arab students. It is imperative to note that the UAE holds a high rank among global nations, in terms of higher education applications and enrollment. This could partly be attributed to the fact that the UAE government funds university education and many have come to perceive t his as a right for every Emirati. Most of the instructors in these institutions of higher learning are foreigners, emphasizing the need for a common language. UAE higher education is primarily based on four policy provisions; one among them being predominant use of English as an instruction language (Findlow, 2006). In support of the UAE government’s policy of English instruction in universities, the UAE Ministry of Higher Education places emphasis on specific university admission standards. This ministry with the help of the UAE Ministry of Education, which governs lower education levels, set specific language objectives for schooling in the country (Findlow, 2006). For instance, if a student wants to enroll in a federal institution of higher education, he or she must take a test that measures their proficiency in the English language. Students who score below the stipulated minimal level are usually denied admission even to English-language curricula at the pre-baccalaureat e level. This further implies that the students cannot join any of the three UAE federal universities. More than 90 percent of the accepted students must undergo remedial English training before being allowed to commence studies in their respective degree programs. These standards must be altered slightly to become a bit lenient and avoid denying students the opportunity to further their studies. For example, English learning programs can be increased at primary and secondary levels, but still run concurrently with Arabic lessons. This would give students a higher chance of passing the preliminary university admission exams. Close to a third of government universities’ budgets are used to support Basic English courses after the admission of students. These pre-entry English foundation programs are usually blamed for excessive utilization of resources that would otherwise be distributed throughout the education chain. These programs also waste significant time, since undergrad uates end up taking five or six years to complete their degrees.